Introduction to IT for Computer Users

I decided to design this course because I have recently been made aware of the fact that there is a dearth of viable information technology courses for people who have learning difficulties.

About a decade ago, not long after I had been dating my boyfriend, a suggested to him that he should take an IT course at the Learn Direct centre in Reading, the town that I live in. My boyfriend told me that if he took a course, he would not be able to work. My boyfriend also told me that his teachers had for the most part given up on him and he had tried to take courses in the past, but he was no good at them.

As it happens, the learn Direct facility in my town was funded by the European Union (EU). When the people in the UK decided to leave the EU, Learn Direct lost funding and was therefore required to leave the town. I have since seen advertisements for people to take courses with Learn Direct on Facebook, but I think these courses are being offered online, as opposed to being conducted face to face.

My boyfriend, who is low skilled and has difficulty finding suitable employment. He was initially on working tax credits, but when the UK government phased tax credits out, he was required to sign up for Universal Credit (UC) and was subsequently sent to a charity, Fedcap, to help him to find employment.

When my boyfriend was initially sent Fedcap, he told the charity that he wanted to stay self employed cleaning, delivering leaflets, and reselling items. At no time did anyone in those initial meetings with this charity did anyone suggest to my boyfriend be assessed on his capacity to perform complicated work and to use a computer. In fact, several months after my boyfriend began attending Fedcap employment meetings, his employment coach gave him the task of creating a CV and reselling spreadsheet using Google docs and Google sheets.

The fact is that I had already created a CV for my boyfriend using MS Word, being the industry standard. I then created a reselling spreadsheet for my boyfriend in MS Excel, also being the industry standard. My boyfriend has no experience using any word processor or spreadsheet, so I was left with no option but to help him with this task he had been given so Fedcap would not send a bad report to the Job Centre, who can sanction him if he does not fulfil the requirements that Fedcap places on him.

My boyfriend did explain to his employment advisor at Fedcap that I had helped him to complete the assignment, but this confession was still not enough to prompt the charity to send him on an IT course, a spreadsheet course, or a word processing course. Fedcap did send my boyfriend on a few coaching sessions, but honestly, what good was that going to do him if he did not even know the basics of IT, spreadsheets, or word processors.

An individual only stays with Fedcap for a year and is then sent back to the Job Centre. Therefore, my boyfriend was summoned a final meeting with his employment before being sent back to the Job Centre. It was during this meeting that his employment advisor noted on an assessment form that he had been given that he was week in IT. My boyfriend's only response to that comment was that I was helping him to learn IT.

Its true that I was helping my boyfriend to learn how to use a computer, with the focus on using spreadsheets and sending emails. What particularly perturbed me is the fact that Fedcap knew that my boyfriend is weak in IT and they had an entire year to send him on a course to correct this deficiency.

I decided that since Fedcap, a charity that claims to help people to find employment by providing education and workforce development (according to the information contained in their own website), could not or would not educate my boyfriend in IT in an attempt to improve his employability, I would design an IT training course for people who need to learn IT fast.

The core subjects that this course will cover are:-

1. What is IT and why does it matter?

2. Understanding the Computer at the User Level

3. Operating Systems and Everyday Software

4. The Internet and how it Works for Users

5. Cloud Computing for Everyday Users

6. Cybersecurity for Everyday Users

7. Digital Communication and Collaboration

8. Troubleshooting Basics for Computer Users

See video on introduction of course:- https://youtu.be/jCTXtsMfbu8

One. What is IT and why does it matter?

Information technology (IT) is the field focused on using computers, networks, software and digital systems to store, process manage and communicate information. In essence, IT is everything that makes our digital world work, from our phones and laptops to servers powering the internet.

The core idea of IT is that it is the technology and systems that handle information, being how it is stored, processed, moved, and turned into something useful. IT is the technology that makes information usable by storing it, protecting it, moving it, and turning it into something useful.

The main items that comprise IT are:-

· Hardware

· Software

· Networking

· Data and databases

· Cybersecurity

Hardware

Hardware forms the backbone that allows information to be processed and shared, and is comprised of:-

· Computers, laptops, smartphones

· Servers and data centres

· Routers, switches, and storage devices

Software

Software performs the actual data processing and interaction, and is comprised of:-

· Operating systems, such as Windows, Linux, and MacOS

· Applications, such as browsers, tools, and enterprise software

· Automation and management tools

Networking

Networking ensures information can move from one place to another securely and efficiently. The devices are able to communicate through:-

· Wifi, the internet, local networks

· Cloud platforms

· Communication protocols

Data and databases

IT manages data so that it becomes useful information. It drives decisions and innovations by:-

· Storing data

· Retrieving and organising it

· Backing it up and securing it

· Analysing it and forming insights

Cybersecurity

Cybersecurity is a core part of IT because modern systems must be safe and reliable. It protects systems and information from:-

· Malware

· Hacking

· Phishing

· Data breaches

IT powers virtually every part of modern life and that is the reason why every person who has the capacity to do so, should familiarise himself with this science.

Some sectors that IT plays a prominent part in are:-

· Healthcare: electronic medical records or telemedicine

· Finance: online banking and fraud detection

· Education: online learning and digital classrooms

· Business: cloud tools, automation, communication systems

A diagram of a standard IT system can be seen below:-

The above diagram is interpreted as follows:-

· The end users are people accessing the system through devices

· The firewall protects the network by filtering traffic

· The load balancer splits incoming requests across servers

· The web servers handle user interface (UI), static content, and application programming interface (API) endpoints

· The application server handles core business logic

· The database server stores and retrieves structured data

· The backup and storage node keeps copies of the data

Why does IT matter for everyday computer users?

IT matters to everyday computer users because it directly affects how easily, safely and effectively they can live, work, learn and communicate in a digital world. IT makes modern life possible: from communication and productivity to safety, access to services, and personal growth. IT empowers everyday users to function, learn, work, stay safe, and stay connected in a digital world.

IT matters to everyday users because:-

· IT makes daily tasks, easier, faster, and more efficient

· IT gives people access to information and opportunities

· IT skills are essential for education and lifelong learning

· IT is required for most jobs; even those jobs that are nontechnical

· IT enables access to essential services

· IT protects privacy and security

· IT keeps people connected

Computers and digital systems have reshaped how people work, learn, communicate, and entertain themselves, making everyday tasks more streamlined and accessible, affecting the following tasks:-

· Sending emails

· Browsing the web

· Online shopping

· Managing documents

· Accessing entertainment

Computers democratise information, and enable personal and professional growth by giving users access to knowledge, online courses, job opportunities, and global communication.

Computer literacy empowers people to access educational resources, collaborating online, and continue independent learning through tutorial, virtual workshops, and online courses. This means for everyday computer users can:-

· Learn new skills

· Help children with school work

· Access online classes

· Stay competitive in the job market

Modern workplaces employees to possess basic to advanced computer skills, including productivity software, communication tools, and digital platforms. IT n the workplace can be used to:-

· Write documents

· Manage schedules

· Communicate with colleagues

· Analyse information

Computers, especially laptop computers and desktops, are crucial for healthcare portals, government services, and employment resources. IT affects a person's ability to:-

· Book medical appointments

· Apply for jobs

· Complete government forms

· Manage finances

Smartphones alone do not provide enough computing power to perform some of the more serious tasks, so it if important that an individual have access to a proper computer to complete those tasks that smartphones cannot.

As digital dependency grows, so do cybersecurity risks. It is important therefore that everyday computer users become IT literate to stay safe online. Everyday computer users rely on IT to safeguard data from:-

· Cybercrime

· Scams

· Identity theft

· Malware

IT helps people to stay connected. This communication includes contact with:-

· Family and friends

· Workplaces

· Schools

· Healthcare providers

What does IT mean everyday computer users?

IT is the foundation for how computer users interact with technology, whether sending an email, streaming a movie, or backing up family photos. IT makes devices useful, secure, and connected. IT is the invisible engine that powers the computer users' lives, keeping him connected, productive, and secure. IT plays out in our daily lives by:-

· Ensuring devices run smoothly

· Powering the networks that the computer uses

· Protects the computer system from online threats

· It enables the computer user to access information and services

· Digital literacy empowers the computer user

Without IT, even simple tasks, such as printing or using WiFi would be unreliable. IT ensures that computers, phones and tablets run smoothly through:-

· Operating systems, such as Windows, Linux, and MacOS

· Software updates and drivers

· Technical support and troubleshooting

Every click that sends or receives data depends on the IT infrastructure, being routers, servers and cloud systems. IT powers the networks that enable computer users to:-

· Browse the internet

· Join video calls

· Stream content

· Share files and messages

IT systems keep personal information safe from hackers and scams, protecting the computer user from online threats by using:-

· Antivirus software

· Firewalls

· Data encryption

· Passwords and authentication

IT makes modern convenience possible by providing access to information and services, such as:-

· Online banking and shopping

· Government healthcare portals

· Educational resources and courses

· Cloud storage for photos and documents

Digital literacy is a skill that every person in this modern world needs to learn because basic IT concepts help a person to:-

· Solve problems independently

· Use technology confidently

· Stay safe online

· Adapt to new tools and trends

IT systems at home, work and everyday life

An illustration of IT used in everyday life can be seen below:-

A typical IT system used in the home can be seen in the illustration below:-

A typical IT system used in a small office can be seen in the illustration below:-

See video on what is IT and why does it matter:- https://youtu.be/dNnCY-KYmfI

Two. Understanding the Computer at the User Level

It is essential that a computer user understand the basics of the computer that he is working on because it empowers him to use technology confidently, efficiently, and safely without being a computer programmer or engineer.

A computer user needs to understand the computer he is using because this knowledge transforms technology from a challenge to a powerful everyday tool. Below are the reasons why a computer user needs to understand the computer he is using:-

· The computer user can be more efficient and productive

· The computer user can be cognizant of his need for security and privacy

· The computer user can independently solve problems

· The computer user can communicate with IT professionals more easily

· The computer user can better adapt to new technology

· The computer user can become digitally literate and empowered

When an individual understands how a computer works, to include managing files, using applications, and troubleshooting basic issues, he can:-

· Work faster and more efficiently

· Avoid unnecessary downtime

· Make better use of software tools

The computer user needs to have an understanding of privacy and security, otherwise he will make himself vulnerable to scams and data loss. This understanding helps the computer user to:-

· Recognise phishing attempts and malware

· Use strong passwords and backups

· Manage privacy settings and permissions

Computer users who understand their computer system are able to solve problems and become more independent. Knowing how to handle common problems, such as slow performance or poor connectivity, means the individual does not need to rely on technical support of every little glitch that comes up, thereby building confidence and self reliance.

Understanding basic computer operations helps the individual to communicate better with IT professionals. When users understand basic computer concepts, they can explain problems clearly and understand solutions. This saves time and avoids frustration for both the computer user and IT support staff.

Understanding how a computer works enables users to be able to adapt to new technology as they come onto the market, such as new devices, applications, and systems.

A computer user who is digitally literate becomes empowered with more control over his digital environment, turning computers from something mysterious into tools for creativity, learning, and connection.

Below is a diagram of basic computer understanding:-

The basic hardware components of a computer are comprised of:-

· Central components

· Input devices

· Output devices

· Connectivity

· Power supply

· Optional components

The central components of the computer are:-

· The central processing unit (CPU), which is the brain of the computer that issues instructions

· The motherboard is the main circuit board that connects all components

· Random access memory (RAM) is a temporary storage area for active tasks and data

· Storage devices, such as a hard disk drive (HDD) or solid state drive (SSD) for long term storage

Input devices are comprised of:-

· The keyboard and mouse allow users to enter commands and interact with software

· The scanner or microphone captures physical or audio data

Output devices are comprised of:-

· The monitor displays visual output

· The printer produces physical copies of documents or images

· Speakers emit sound

Connectivity is comprised of the following components:-

· The network card / wifi adapter enables internet and network access

· Ports, such as USB, HDMI, an ethernet connect external devices

The power supply connects electricity from the wall outlet into useful power for all components.

Optional components in a computer can be:-

· The graphics card (GPU) handles complex images and gaming

· A cooling system, comprised of fans or liquid cooling, to prevent overheating

The image below depicts the basic hardware components of a computer:-

How does a computer start, run, and store files?

It is important to understand how a computer starts, runs, and stores files because it helps the computer user see the invisible processes working behind the scenes to makes the technology seem effortless.

A computer starts by loading its operating system, runs programs by processing instructions in memory, and stores data by writing data to long term storage.

The process that is used to turn the computer on, process data, and save work is as follows:-

· Starting the computer (booting it)

· Running programs

· Storing files

The process of starting the computer entails the following actions:

· When the power button is pressed, electricity flows through the computer's parts.

· The binary input/output system (BIOS) or unified extensible firmware interface (UEFI) checks that everything in the computer is working, such as the keyboard, screen, and memory is working.

· The computer looks for the operating system that is either stored in the hard drive or solid state drive (SSD).

· The operating system is loaded into the random access memory (RAM), which is fast, enabling the computer to start working.

· If the login screen or desktop appears, the computer is working.

The process of running programs in the computers entails the following actions:-

· When an application, such as Word or Excel, is open, the computer copies the program from storage into RAM.

· The CPU reads the instructions and performs tasks, such as calculations, logic, and moving data around.

· The GPU helps to draw pictures and videos on the screen.

· The operating system makes sure that each program gets its fair share of memory and processing time.

The process of storing files entails the following actions:-

· In a classical computer, when a file is saved it is converted into binary logic (being a series of 1's and 0's).

· The computer sends the data to the storage drive, which could be a hard disk drive (HDD) or SSD.

· The file system keeps track of where each piece of data is so that it can be found later.

· When the file is reopened, the computer fetches it from storage and loads it back into RAM.

An illustration of a computer operation flowchart can be seen below:-

Below is a table that reflects how the computer turns on, processes data, and stores files:-

The settings application on the computer

It is important to know how to adjust the settings of the computer and this is accomplished by going to the settings application:-

One applications in the settings menu that can be useful to the computer is the task manager because it shows which applications are running in the computer:-

See video on understanding the computer:- https://youtu.be/N3mlE00dmm4

See video on a tour of the windows settings panel:- https://youtu.be/va4Ko80goBc

Three. Operating systems and how it works for users

An operating system is the main software that makes the computer usable. It is the bridge between the computer user, programs and hardware, making the computer run smoothly.

A computer is comprised of:-

· The hardware does all the work and is comprised of the CPU, memory and hard drive

· The programs perform the tasks, being Word, Excel, Chrome, and games

· The operating system tells the modules in the computer what to do, keeping things organised and making sure nothing crashes

The operating system works by the following processes:-

· The computer is started up.

· The hardware is managed

· The programs are run

· The files are managed

· The user is interfaced

When the computer is started up:-

· The OS is loaded into RAM from the hard drive

· The OS takes control of the system and starts managing everything

The OS acts as a translator between programs and hardware by:-

· The OS tells the CPU what tasks to run

· The OS manages memory (RAM) so programs don't overwrite each other

· The OS controls the input / output mechanisms, such as the keyboard, mouse, screen, etcetera

When the user loads a program into the computer, the following actions occur:-

· The OS loads the program into memory

· The OS gives the program time on the CPU

· The OS handles multitasking and switches between applications smoothly

The OS manages files and folders by:-

· Deciding where data is stored on the drive

· Keeping track of file names and locations

· The OS allows the user to open, save, and delete files safely

The OS provides a user interface so the user can see the desktop, icons, and menus:-

· The OS turns complex commands into simple clicks

· The OS displays windows and handles user input

Common examples of operating systems are:-

Below is an illustration of how the OS acts as an interface between the user, software, and hardware:-

What is the difference an application and a system tool?

An application is a program designed to help the user to perform a specific task. Each application runs on top of an operating system, giving it access to memory, screen, and keyboard. Examples of applications are:-

· Word processors, being Word or Google Docs

· Web browsers, such as Chrome, Edge, or Firefox

· Media players, such as Spotify

· Games, such as Minecraft or Solitaire

A system tool is software that helps to maintain, monitor, or control how the computer works, keeping the computer healthy and organised. It is usually built into the operating system or installed on the computer. Examples of system tools are:-

· File explorer allows the user to browse and manage files

· Task manager shows which programs are running and CPU usage

· Disk cleanup removes unnecessary files

· Control panel / settings changes system preferences

· Backup and restore tools protect the users data

Applications and system tools work together by:-

How OS, system tools, and applications work together:-

File management for the computer user

File management refers to how a computer user organises, stores, and keeps track of data, which takes the form of documents, pictures, music, and videos. It is similar to how paper documents would be stored in a filing cabinet.

A good electronic filing system matters because:-

· Files can be found quickly when needed

· It keeps the organisation of the computer tidy to avoid clutter

· It prevents data loss by saving and backing up properly

· It helps the computer user to work more efficiently because he does not have to spend lots of time looking for a file

The process for creating a good digital filing system is as follows:-

· Create a file by assigning it a name and a type, such as my_file.xls

· Organise the files in folders or directories

· Each file is given a name and extension so the operating system will know to use to open it

· When the file is saved, it is stored on the storage drive, being HDD or SSD

· When a file is opened, the operating system finds it and loads it into RAM for quick access

· Files can be moved, copied, or deleted

· Files can be backed up onto an external drive or cloud storage, such as OneDrive or Google Drive

Below is a screenshot of a typical electronic filing system in OneDrive:-

Safe installation practices for the computer user

Every computer needs to follow safe practices when installing software onto the computer.

Safe installation of software means the user thinks before he clicks. The computer user needs to trust the source, read the prompts, scan for threats, and protect data.

When installing software onto a computer, the user should:-

· Download software only from trusted sources, such as MS Store or Apple App Store

· During installation, read each screen carefully before clicking onto it

· Scan files using antivirus software or Windows Defender, and delete if it looks suspicious

· Avoid installing cracked or pirated software because this is a common source of viruses

· Make sure the computer meets the hardware and OS requirements

· Use Administrator rights wisely

· Before installing major software, backup important files and restore the system if necessary

· Update your OS and antivirus regularly

See video on operating systems and everyday software:- https://youtu.be/9RTTTT2_RJw

See video on installing and uninstalling apps:- https://youtu.be/pFfJtYqn6J4

Four. The Internet and how it works for users

The internet is a giant invisible network that connects a computer to millions of other computers around the world. The internet allows a computer user to communicate, learn, shop, share and explore.

The internet is a global system of connected computers that share information using standard protocols, such as TCP/IP, allowing the user to:-

· Browse websites

· Send emails

· Stream videos

· Use social media

· Play online games

When a computer user uses the internet, the following sequence of events occur in a matter of seconds:-

· Open a browser, such as Chrome or Edge

· Type in a website, such as www.bbc.co.uk

· The internet sends a request through its internet service provider

· The request travels through servers and routers until it reaches the website's computer

· The website will then send back data in the form of text, images, and videos, which are displayed on the browser

The internet is an invaluable tool that allows the user to access online service, such as:-

· Websites

· Email

· Cloud storage

· Social media

· Online banking

· Streaming

· Messaging applications

It is important that the computer user understand the internet because it helps him to:-

· Stay safe online

· Recognise scams and unsafe sites

· Troubleshoot connection issues

· Understand why pages load slowly

· Use online services more confidently

How devices connect to the internet

Devices connect to the internet by linking to a router, usually through wifi, which sends data to the internet service provider (ISP), which then connects to the global network.

Wifi's, routers, and mobile data are invisible systems that make devices talk to the internet, each playing a different role in how to get online:-

· Wifi connects a device wirelessly to a router

· The router sends data to the internet service provider (ISP)

· Mobile data connects to the phone network instead of home wifi

Wifi is the technology that enables the device to connect to the router without cables:-

· It uses radio waves to connect the device to the router without cables

· It is possible to move around freely while staying connected to the internet

· It is ideal for home networks, cafes, schools and offices

The router is the bridge between the device and the internet:-

· It connects all devices, such as laptops, phones and tablets, into one local network

· It assigns each device an IP address so data knows where to go

· It sends data to the ISP and receives responses from websites

· It includes a firewall to help protect the network

Mobile data connects the device to the internet using the mobile provider's network, being 4G or 5G.

· Instead of wifi, the phone uses nearby cell towers

· Data travels through the providers network to reach the internet

· It works anywhere where there is a signal and no router is needed

Wifi's, routers, and mobile data fit together in the below table:-

What are URL's, browsers, and search engines?

URL's, browsers, and search engines are the tools that make finding and viewing information on the internet simple and intuitive, working in the background using complex technology:-

· The URL tells the browser where to go

· The browser displays the website

· Search engine helps to find the URL when it is not known

The uniform resource locater (URL) is the unique address of a webpage, such as https://microsoft.com, and tells the browser:-

· Where to find the website, or domain name

· What type of connection to use (https is a secure site)

· Which page or file to open

The browser, such as Chrome, Edge or Firefox, is the program that displays websites. It:-

· Reads the entered URL

· Requests the page from the internet

· Shows text, images, and videos in a readable format

· Allows the user to interact, by clicking, scrolling, watching, filling in forms, or shopping

The search engine, such as Bing or Google, helps the user to find information without knowing the exact URL. It:-

· Searches billions of pages

· Matches entered keywords to relevant sites

· Displays results with short descriptions and links

The table below shows how the URL, browser and search engine work together:-

When a computer user goes online, their device joins the global network, the internet, and begins sending and receiving information through several layers of technology. The step by step process of going online entails the following steps:-

· The user either joins wifi or a mobile network, connecting the device to the internet via the ISP.

· The router or mobile network gives the device an IP address, which is a code, telling other computers where to send information back to the user.

· When the computer user opens a browser, like Edge or chrome, or an application, like YouTube, it uses the internet to request data from servers around the world.

· If the user types in a URL, like https://www.bbc.co.uk, the browser goes directly to that website. If the user uses a search engine, it finds matching URLs. The browser then sends a request through the ISP to the website's server.

· Information travels across the network in tiny chunks called data packets. Each packet travels through routers, cables and servers, and then reassembles in the device within a matter of milliseconds.

· The browser or application displays the data, which could be a webpage, video, email, or message, allowing the user to interact with it.

· The device uses encryption to protect data, firewalls and antivirus to protect against threats, and login credentials to verify identity, thereby keeping the connection safe and private.

When a computer searches online, he needs to employ search strategies to help find accurate, relevant information. The user needs to use precise keywords, filters, operators and critical thinking to locate trustworthy information quickly. Some strategies he can use are:-

· Use specific keywords instead of full sentences

· Put phrases within quotation marks

· Use the operators AND, OR, -, site to refine results

· Use filters and tools, such as date, type, region, and filetype

· Evaluate sources to check who published the information, whether it is current and credible, and if it is an opinion or a fact

· Scroll the bottom of the results page to use related searches and suggestions

· Combine strategies to endeavour to obtain the best results

Knowing how to identify safe websites from unsafe ones is one of the most important digital skills for a computer user. Some steps that can be taken to stay safe online are:-

· A safe file begins with https:// because the s indicates the site is secure. Always look for the padlock sign next to the address bar.

· Look for trustworthy domains, such as .gov, .edu, .org.

· Examine the site's design and content. Look for professional layout, correct spelling, clear contact details, and a privacy policy.

· Check for security certificates by clicking the padlock icon on the browser to check for a valid verification certificate

· Be wary of a site that has red flags, such as: asking for passwords or payment information too early; unexpectedly redirects to another page; triggers antivirus or browser warnings; or offers free downloads or prizes. It is important not to ignore any message from the browser saying the site may be unsafe.

· Search the site name in the search engine for reviews of the site.

· Use protection tools, such as up to date antivirus software and browser, safe browsing mode or security extensions, and pop-up blockers.

Downloading safely is one of the most important skills for the computer user. Safe downloading entails choosing trusted sources, checking the URL, scanning files, reading installation screens, and avoiding anything suspicious. Some tips on how to download safely are:-

· Download only from trusted sources, such as official websites or well known companies

· Check the URL before downloading to ensure it is a valid site

· Read the download page carefully and look for a clear product name, version number, file size, and a description of what is being downloaded

· Scan the file with antivirus software before opening

· Know the safe file types, being cautious with .zip, .rar, .js, .bat, .cmd, or .scr

· Choose custom or advanced installation if available because it shows hidden extras

· Ensure the windows, browser, and antivirus are up to date

See video on the internet and how it works:- https://youtu.be/2JWX-mgVijU

See video on searching for information using a search engine:- https://youtu.be/uH_haCfWRdk

Five. Cloud computing for everyday users

For an ordinary computer user, cloud computing means using the internet to store files, run applications, and access services instead or relying on his own device. This is accomplished by a series of powerful computers, or servers, located in data centres, which store the files. Because cloud computing allows the user to store files, run applications, and access services instead of relying on one's own computer, his computing life can be made easier, safer, and more flexible.

The cloud is a network of remote servers, which are computers in huge data centres, that store data and run applications. Some companies that run cloud services are:-

· Microsoft Azure

· Amazon Web Services (AWS)

· Google Cloud

Cloud computing allows everyday computer users to:-

· Send emails from companies like Hotmail, Google, and Yahoo

· Stream movies from companies like Netflix

· Store files on line from companies such as OneDrive and Google drive

· Store photos in a company such as Instagram

Using the cloud means the computer user:-

· Does not need to own a powerful computer

· Does not need to store his files locally

· Can access his files from any device

Cloud computing is a good idea for everyday computer users because:-

· He can access his files from any computer

· He saves money because he does not need to purchase expensive hardware

· The cloud automatically backs up files

· Cloud servers handle heavy processing, such as streaming, editing, or synching

· Cloud applications update themselves automatically

In simple terms, cloud computing works by:-

· Open an application, such as OneDrive, Gmail, or Netflix

· The device sends a request over the internet

· A cloud server processes the request

· The server sends the data back to the user's device

· The user sees the email, movie, or file instantly

The three types of cloud services can be seen in the table below:-

How files are synced across devices

File syncing is a way to documents, photos and other documents updated across all associated devices automatically, ensuring the latest version of the document is always available on whatever device the user happens to be on, whether it is a laptop, tablet, or smartphone. File syncing ensures that data across all associated devices is identical by storing it in the cloud and updating changes everywhere the user signs in to the account.

Syncing works in this way:-

· The file is saved in a cloud folder, such as OneDrive, Google Drive, or Dropbox, and this file becomes the master copy.

· Each device the computer user has access to connects to the same account.

· Syncing occurs whenever a file is edited, added, renamed, or deleted, so the master copy is automatically updated.

· Behind the scenes, the cloud service compares timestamps of the file to see which version is newest, uploads or downloads only the changed parts, and creates conflict copies if two copies are being updated at the same time.

· Encryption occurs during transfer and storage of the file, the user can restore older versions or recover deleted files, and syncing ensures that files are never lost.

See video on cloud computing:- https://youtu.be/JI6fDIv--ug

See video on OneDrive and Google Drive:- https://youtu.be/ABUf71I8g78

Six. Cybersecurity for everyday users

Cybersecurity is a set of actions and protections that keeps the computer users devices, accounts, and personal information safe from criminals online. It is the everyday practice of keeping devices, accounts, and personal information safe from online threats.

The core idea of cybersecurity is that it protects the computer's digital life from scams, data theft, and device compromise. The three things that cybersecurity protect are:-

· Accounts

· Devices

· Information

Cybersecurity protects the individual from the following threats:-

· Phishing emails pretending to be banks, delivery companies, or tax authorities

· Fake websites designed to steal card details

· Malware that can lock or spy on a device

· Account hacking when passwords are weak or reused

· Data breaches where information is leaked from a company's database

Practical cybersecurity tips the individual should use on a daily basis:-

· Use strong passwords or a password manager

· Use two-step verification for accounts

· Keep software updated

· Be cautious with links and attachments

· Secure wifi with a strong password

· Back up data regularly

· Use antivirus / anti-malware tools

· Avoid suspicious websites and downloads

Cybersecurity protects an individual's:-

· Money, such as banking, shopping, and PayPal

· Identity, such as name, address, national insurance number

· Privacy, such as photos, messages, and browsing history

· Devices, such as laptop, phone, and smart gadgets

An example of a phishing email can be seen below:-

How to create a strong password using a formula:-

· Start with a personal base phrase (Krystal Love = KL)

· Add a number that means something to the user, but not a birthday (KL + 61 = KL61)

· Insert special characters in predictable spots (KL + ! + 61 = KL!61)

· Include an uppercase and lowercase variation (Kl!61)

· Add a specific tag, such as gm for Gmail or ol for Outlook (Kl!61_gm)

Tips for creating a strong password include:-

· Aim for 12 or more characters in the password

· Avoid real names or words

· Change the password formula occasionally

· Use a password manager to store passwords safely

See video on cybersecurity:- https://youtu.be/SEQlFjLVMcU

Seven. Digital communication and collaboration

Digital communication and collaboration is the act of using digital tools to connect, share, and work together online, anywhere and any time.

Digital communication refers to how people exchange information electronically, and takes the following forms:-

· Emails are used for sending messages and attachments

· Instant message is used for chatting, using software such as WhatsApp or Teams

· Video calls are used for face to face meetings, using software such as Zoom, Teams, or Google Meet

· Forums and discussion boards are used for asking questions or helping others. One discuss board used for programmers is StackOverflow

Digital collaboration is the modern version of teamwork and entails working together online, using shared tools and spaces, such as:-

· Cloud storage is used for storing and sharing files, using software such as Google Drive or OneDrive

· Shared documents are used for editing spreadsheets and word processed files together

· Project platforms are used for organising tasks and teamwork, using software such as Teams

· Online classrooms are used for learning and submitting work digitally

Digital communication and collaboration are important to the computer user because doing it correctly helps him to:-

· Sharing files instantly instead of printing them helps to work more efficiently

· Tracking tasks and deadlines helps to stay organised

· Online courses and group projects help individuals to learn and teach

· People are able to communicate across distances easily, enabling them to stay connected

· People are able to work and study anywhere, allowing for flexibility

Email structure and étiquette

Email structure and etiquette are the basic rules that help an individual write clear, polite, and professional messages. It is important that the everyday computer user understand these rules to facilitate smoother communications and avoid making common mistakes.

Email structure helps an individual to organise his message clearly, and email etiquette helps him to communicate respectfully and professionally.

The structure of a good email includes:-

· A subject line is a clear, short summary of the email

· The greeting can be formal, neutral, or casual

· The opening line sets the context politely

· The main message should be clear, short, and organised, sticking to one main topic if possible

· The closing line is a polite ending

· The signature should contain the individual's name, and optionally his job title, phone number, and organisation

Email etiquette is considered good online manners, and should be:-

· Clear and concise because people tend to skim emails

· Polite even when the writer id frustrated

· Contain correct spelling and grammar because mistakes can make emails look rushed or careless

· Not contain all capitals because this implies shouting

· Reply within a reasonable time, typically within 24 to 48 hours of the general communication

· Only include people who truly need the message

· Be careful with attachments: mentioning them in the email, ensuring they are the correct files, and avoiding sending huge fires unless necessary

· Don't overshare personal information because emails are not always secure

· Be cautious with humour because it can be misunderstood without facial expressions

An example of a professionally written thank-you email can be seen below:-

An example of a professionally written job application email can be seen below:-

Video conferencing basics

Video conferencing is the act of talking to people face to face over the internet using a computer, tablet, or phone. It is like a phone call, but video, sound, and shared screens help the user to see and work with others.

Video conferencing is used for work meetings, online classes, or family catch-ups, and allows the individual to:-

· See people live on the screen

· Hear other people through speakers or headphones

· Speak using the microphone

· Share documents, presentations, or the screen

· Chat using text messages during the call

What is needed to enter into a video conference (modern computers have these devices built in to them):-

· A device, such as a smartphone, tablet, or computer

· A camera that can be built in or external

· A microphone that can be built in or a headset

· A stable internet connection

· A video conferencing application, such as Zoom, Teams, or Google Meet

The steps involved in participated in a video conference are:-

· The invitee receives a meeting link by email or message

· The invitee clicks the link and it pens the meeting in a browser or application

· The invitee chooses audio and video settings, setting up the camera, microphone, or speakers

· The invitee joins the meeting and all of the participant's pictures appears in small tiles on the screen

· The invitee can talk, listen, and interact online

· When the meeting ends, the invitee needs to click the "End" or "Leave" button

Basic etiquette of video conferencing includes:-

· Mute to avoid background noise when not speaking

· Join the meeting on time

· Check the camera angle to avoid pointing at the ceiling

· Use headphones if possible to avoid echo

· Avoid multitasking because people can tell

· Be aware of the background, whether it is tidy or blurred

· Speak clearly and paused so others can respond

See video on digital communication and collaboration:-https://youtu.be/o4c1POOSWXE

See video on google meet:- https://youtu.be/4a-66jAyBLo

Eight. Troubleshooting Basics for Computer Users

Troubleshooting is the everyday process of checking simple causes first, using the computer's built in tools, and applying logical steps to correct computer problems. An ordinary computer user needs to adopt a few simple troubleshooting techniques, which enable him to fix common problems on his own, without the need of employing an expensive computer technician. When troubleshooting computer problems it is important for the user to:-

· Stay calm

· Check the basic computer operations first

· Use logical thinking to narrow the problem down

The procedure for troubleshooting computer problems is:-

· Write down or remember what is going on with the computer. Is there an error message? Is the computer slow, frozen, or not responding? Did the problem start after an update or installing a new operation?

· Check the most common problems. Is the device plugged in or charged? Are the cables, wifi, or devices properly attached? Check the settings. Is the volume muted, brightness low, or airplane mode on? Restart the computer to see if this clears any temporary glitches.

· Use the process of elimination to isolate the cause, trying one thing at a time. Disconnect extra devices, such as printers or drives. Close unused programs. Test another file, website, or application to see if the issue repeats itself.

· Use the computer's built in tools. Troubleshooter automatically detects and fixes common issues. Task manager shows which applications are using too much memory. Device manager detects hardware drivers. Network settings help diagnose wifi or internet problems.

· Search any error messages online exactly as they are written, looking for any step-by-step guides or videos.

· Update and restart the computer because many issues are caused by outdated software and drivers (it is important not to update drivers unless there are actually problems with them).

· Prevent any future problems by ensuring antivirus is updated, files are backed up, temporary files are cleared, and unknown programs are not installed.

Fixing simple computer problems by checking power, connections, updates, and using built in troubleshooters need to be user needs to undertake in order to solved digital problems quickly and economically before seeking expert assistance. The step-by-step process used to correct simple computer problems is:-

· Many temporary glitches will resolve themselves when the computer is restarted: save work and restart the computer, checking to see if the problem persists.

· Check the power and connects to the computer. Ensure the computer is plugged in or charged, verify all cables, mouse, keyboard, and monitor connections, and check the router is turned on and connected.

· Look for error messages and search the exact message online for a solution.

· Use the computer's built in troubleshoot application and select the relevant troubleshooter, such as internet, audio, or the printer. These tools detect and correct common issues automatically.

· Restart the router if the internet drops, update the browser or application, and clear cache or temporary files.

· Run windows update to install fixes. Use antivirus software to scan for malware because outdated or infected files can slow the computer down.

· Free up space in the computer by deleting unnecessary files, emptying the recycle bin, and run the disk cleanup application.

· If an item is not functioning, test it out on another device and see if the problem persists. This will help the user to determine if the problem is with the computer or an accessory.

· If all of the above actions fail to correct the problem, restore or reset the computer. The Reset this PC setting reinstalls windows while keeping files safe.

See video on troubleshooting basics:- https://youtu.be/Nvw32ljUKjA

See video on tour of settings menu to troubleshoot the computer:- https://youtu.be/rS8kmI73_Qo

The link to the playlist for the entire course can be found here:- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLmlgUeL4GCpb6zMyENcZJCb0M_FzlzLqm